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Table of Contents

Part I.  All Cases

§100    Biomechanics

§105     No-Vehicle-Damage Accidents

§110     How the Cervical Spine is Injured in Low Speed Collisions

§110.1       Facet Joint Injury

§110.2       Mechanism of Injury

§115     Factors and Variables to Consider in Auto Collisions

§120     Crash-Related Factors and Risk of Whiplash Injury

§125     15 Million People Suffer From Chronic Whiplash in US

§200    Symptoms

§205     Neck Pain

§205.1       Myofascial Trauma

§205.2       Ligamentous Damage

§205.2.1    Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Injury During Whiplash

§205.2.2    Transverse Ligament Injury After Whiplash

§205.3       Disc-Related Trauma

§205.4       Facet Joint Injury

§205.5       Degenerative Changes

§205.6       Neurological Trauma

§205.6.1    Indirect Nerve Damage

§205.6.2    Direct Nerve Damage

§205.7       Skeletal Trauma

§205.8       Vascular Damage

§205.9       Imaging Cervical Trauma

§205.9.1    C-Reactive Protein

§205.10     Treatment

§205.10.1  Chiropractic

§205.10.2  Surgery

§205.10.3  Multi-Modal Care

§210     Headache

§210.1       Cervicogenic Headache

§210.2       Occipital Neuralgia

§210.3       Myofascial Headache

§210.4       Migraine

§210.5       Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

§210.6       Other Headaches

§210.7       Prognosis and Treatment

§215     Fibromyalgia

§215.1       Diagnostic Criteria

§215.2       Etiology

§215.3       Fibromyalgia or Malingering?

§215.4       Misdiagnosis

§215.5       Treatment

§220     Temporomandibular Joint Pain

§220.1       Signs and Symptoms

§220.2       Etiology

§220.3       Treatment

§220.3.1    Multi-Disciplinary

§220.3.2    Manipulation

§225     Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

§225.1       Diagnosis

§225.2       Etiology

§225.3       Prognosis and Treatment

§230     Low Back Pain

§230.1       Etiology

§230.2       Symptoms

§230.3       Treatment

§230.3.1    Muscle Relaxants Ineffective for Acute Low Back Pain

§235     Dysphagia

§235.1       Etiology

§235.2       Treatment

§240     Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

§240.1       Etiology

§240.2       Diagnostic Tests

§240.3       Treatment

§245     Dizziness

§245.1       Etiology

§245.2       Treatment

§245.2.1    The Effectiveness of Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Dizziness and Hearing Impairment

§250     Cervical Trauma and Tremor

§255     Systemic Sclerosis and Trauma

§260     Visual Symptoms

§260.1       Etiology

§260.2       Prognosis and Treatment

§265     Sleep Disturbances

§265.1       Etiology

§265.2       Treatment

§300    Prognosis

§305     The Quebec Task Force

§310     Delayed Onset

§310.1       Predictors of Late Whiplash Syndrome

§400    Controversies

§405     Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Concussion Syndrome

§405.1       Etiology

§405.2       Does Concussion Require Loss of Consciousness?

§405.3       Symptoms

§405.4       Warning Signs

§405.5       Diagnosis

§405.5.1    The Importance of Careful Review

§405.5.2    Imaging

§405.5.3    Tests

§405.5.4    Brain Injury or Chronic Pain: The Importance of Diagnosis

§405.5.5    Cerebral Blood Flow in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

§405.6       Treatment

§405.7       Course of Recovery

§405.8       Psychology of MTBI

§405.9       Drugs

§405.10     Public Misconceptions About Brain Injury and Implications for Treatment and Litigation

§410     Psychological Symptoms

§410.1       Types of Problems

§410.2       Etiology

§410.2.1    Undiagnosed or Untreated Pain

§410.2.2    Psychological Problems Disappear When Physical Pain Treated

§410.2.3    The Effect of Chronic Pain

§410.3       Differentiating Organic and Psychogenic Pain

§410.4       Family Support

§410.5       Pre-Existing Psychological Disorder

§410.6       Litigation

§410.7       Treatment

§410.8       The Role of the Physician

§410.9       Psychiatric Illness Following Traumatic Brain Injury

§415     Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

§415.1       Symptoms

§415.2       Etiology

§415.3       Treatment

§500    Legal Issues

§505     Malingering

§505.1       The Lithuanian Study

§505.2       The Opinion of Professionals on the Issue of Whiplash

§505.3       Can Patients Fake Whiplash?

§505.4       Poor Diagnosis

§510     Litigation (Are Patients Cured by a Verdict?)

§515     How Accurate is Accident Reconstruction?

§600    Other Issues

§605     Safety Devices and Whiplash Injuries

§605.1       Head Restraints

§605.2       Neck and Chest Injuries from Seat Belts: A Mini-Review

§605.2.1    Breast Injuries

§605.2.2    Heart and Sternal Injuries

§605.2.3    Thyroid Injury

§605.2.4    Laryngeal Trauma

§605.2.5    Carotid Artery Injury

§605.3       Airbag Injuries

§605.4       Anti-Lock Brakes

§605.5       Children and Whiplash

§605.6       Medications

§610     Side Impact Collisions

§610.1       Ligament Injury After Side Impact Collision

§615     Frontal Collisions

§615.1       Ligament Injury From Frontal Collisions

Appendix A       Questionnaire – The Neck Pain Disability Index

Appendix B       Q & A for Formulating an Effective Chiropractic Expert Testimony, by Mack H. King, DC, DABCO

Part II.  Low Velocity Cases

§700    Law of Physics

§705     Momentum

§710     Conservation of Momentum

§715     dV

§720     Acceleration

§725     Inertia

§730     Conclusion

§800    Biomechanics

§805     History

§810     Basic Biomechanics

§810.1       Women and Men: The Biomechanics of Low Speed Collisions

§815     Detailed Biomechanics

§820     Injuries from Low Velocity Impacts

§825     Relationship Between Delta V and G Forces

§900    Mechanisms of Injury In Low Speed Collisions

§905     Phases of a Rear-end Collision

§910     Why G Forces Are Dangerous

§915     Shear, Compression, Tension and Torque

§920     The Ball and Chain

§925     Hyperextension Not the Culprit

§930     X-Ray Analysis of Low Velocity Kinematics

§935     Muscle Activity During Impact

§940     Extension and Damage to Anatomical Structures

§940.1       Alar Ligament

§940.2       Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

§940.3       Anterior Muscles

§940.4       Carotid Artery

§940.5       Concussion

§940.6       Disc Injury

§940.7       Low Back Pain

§940.8       Occipital Nerve

§940.9       Posture Control System

§940.10     Spinal Nerve Injury

§940.11     Suboccipital Muscles

§940.12     Thyroid Injury

§940.13     Vertebral Artery Injury

§940.14     Zygapophysial Joint

§1000  Factors and Variables Determining Injury Severity

§1005   Engineers vs. Physicians

§1010   Injuries from Experimental Collisions

§1015   Angle of Collision

§1020   Body Position

§1021   Body Size

§1025   Braking

§1030   Bumpers

§1030.10   Do Modern Cars Increase the Risk of Whiplash?

§1035   Gender

§1040   Head Restraints

§1045   Level of Preparedness

§1046   Patient Pre-Existing Conditions

§1047   Physiological Limits

§1048   Posture

§1050   Road Conditions

§1055   Seat Back Characteristics

§1056   Seat Backs and Ramping

§1060   Seat Belts

§1065   Secondary Impacts

§1070   Tire Position

§1075   Vehicle Size

§1080   Vehicle Speeds

Appendix C       Ratings of Head Restraints in 1995 Vehicles

Part III. Medical Studies

§1100  Whiplash

§1105   Biomechanics

§1105.17   Turned Head Increases Risk of Neck Injury During Collision

§1105.18   Head Position and Ligament Injury After Whiplash Trauma

§1105.19   Why Some People Are More Vulnerable to Whiplash Injuries

§1105.20   Seating Position and Gender as Risk Factors for Whiplash Injury

§1105.21   Abnormal Posture Increases Risk of Whiplash Injury

§1105.22   Cervical Lordosis and Neck Complaints

§1105.23   Women Physically More Susceptible to Whiplash Injury

§1105.24   Injury Threshold of Rear-End Collisions

§1105.25   Children and Whiplash

§1105.26   Low Back Pain After Whiplash: Mechanism of Injury

§1105.27   Understanding TMJ Pain After Whiplash: How Injury to the Cervical Spine Can Cause Jaw Dysfunction

§1105.28   Immune System Responses After Whiplash

§1105.29   Hidden Spinal Injuries After Whiplash

§1105.30   Effect of Car Seat Back on Injury Potential in Rear-End Collisions

§1105.31   Insurance Industry Association: “Head Restraints in Most Cars Inadequate.”

§1105.32   Spinal Lesions After Low Speed, Rear-End Collisions

§1105.33   The Cervical Facet Capsule and Its Role in Whiplash Injury

§1105.34   Muscle Injury and Low Speed Whiplash

§1105.35   Setting the Whiplash Record Straight

§1105.36   The Latest on Whiplash: The World Congress on Whiplash Associated Disorders

§1105.37   Facet Joint Biomechanics in Rear-End Collisions

§1105.38   Analysis of Real World Car Crashes

§1105.39   Human Response to Low Speed Impact

§1105.40   Whiplash: Social and Crash Factors

§1105.41   Human Factors and Whiplash

§1105.42   Biomechanics of TMJ Injury from Whiplash

§1105.43   Rib Fractures and Whiplash

§1105.44   Whiplash Biomechanics: Latest Findings

§1105.45   Possible Mechanism of Cervical Facet Joint Injury from Low Velocity Rear-End Collisions

§1105.46   The Mechanics of Lower Cervical Spine Injury from Whiplash

§1105.47   Vertebral Artery Stretching during Whiplash

§1105.48   Cervical Spine Injury Mechanism of Whiplash

§1105.49   Can Accident Reconstructionists Accurately Determine Occupant Acceleration After the Fact?

§1105.50   Ligament Stretching During Whiplash Movement

§1105.51   Does No Vehicle Damage Mean No Injury?

§1105.52   Whiplash and Cervical Zygapophysial Joint Pain

§1105.53   Antilock Brakes and Rear End Collisions

§1105.54   Quadriplegia in a Child from a Lap-Shoulder Belt

§1105.55   Head Restraint Position During Normal Driving

§1105.56   Neck and Chest Injuries From Seat Belts: A Mini Review

§1105.57   Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries

§1105.58   Airbag Injuries: A Review

§1110   Brain Injury

§1110.13   Similarities Between Whiplash and Brain Injury

§1110.14   Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in County Jail

§1110.15   Brain Dysfunction and Whiplash

§1110.16   EEG, Whiplash and Mild Head Injury

§1110.17   Brain Lesions in Whiplash Patients

§1110.18   Brain Lesions After Whiplash

§1110.19   Symptoms of TBI After Whiplash

§1110.20   Chronic Whiplash: Brain Injury or Malingering?

§1115   Dizziness

§1115.13   Dizziness After Whiplash Caused by Trauma to Neck

§1115.14   Dizziness Following Whiplash Injury

§1115.15   Cervical Vertigo: Combined Treatment

§1115.16   Postural Stability and Neck Trauma

§1115.17   Dizziness After Whiplash

§1115.18   More on Proprioception and Whiplash

§1115.19   Whiplash and Proprioceptive Disturbance

§1115.20   Whiplash and Postural Control Disturbance

§1115.21   Whiplash and Dizziness

§1115.22   Postural Instability and Whiplash

§1120   Imaging

§1120.18   Objective Evidence of Ligament Injury After Whiplash Trauma

§1120.19   Whiplash, Brain Injury, and SPECT

§1120.20   Cervical Spine Radiography and Trauma

§1120.21   Cervical Spine MRI

§1120.22   MRI: Whiplash and TMJ

§1120.23   Disc Pathology After Whiplash: An MRI Study

§1120.24   Brain Imaging and Whiplash

§1120.25   Imaging Whiplash Injuries

§1120.26   The Relationship Between Cervical Radiographic Findings and Pain

§1120.27   MRI After Cervical Spine Injury

§1120.28   SPECT Scans and Whiplash

§1125   Litigation

§1125.17   Significant Spinal Injuries for Low-Level Accelerations

§1125.18   Does Attitude and Compensation System Affect Whiplash Outcome?

§1125.19   Objective Signs of Central Nervous System Dysfunction After Whiplash

§1125.20   Is Whiplash Pain Affected by Litigation?

§1125.21   No-Fault a “Cure” for Whiplash?

§1125.22   Overturn of Whiplash Award

§1125.23   The Problems with the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash

§1125.24   The Effect of Litigation on Whiplash

§1125.25   Is Whiplash Real?

§1125.26   More on The Lancet Whiplash Study

§1125.27   Can Patients Fake Whiplash?

§1125.28   $800,000 Award for MS After Whiplash

§1130   Prognosis

§1130.09   Does Coping Technique Affect Whiplash Outcome?

§1130.10   Spinal Cord Hypersensitivity After Whiplash Injury

§1130.11   Active, Early Intervention for Whiplash Improves Prognosis

§1130.12   Three-Year Outcome After Auto Collisions

§1130.13   Who is at Risk for Developing Chronic Whiplash Pain?

§1130.14   Predicting Outcome of Whiplash-Associated Disorders

§1130.15   Prognostic Factors in Whiplash

§1130.16   The Initial Symptoms and Long-Term Outcome of Whiplash

§1130.17   Long-Term Course of Chronic PTSD After Auto Collisions

§1130.18   Immune System Responses After Whiplash

§1130.19   The Long-Term Effects of Rear-End Automobile Collisions

§1130.20   Cervical Range of Motion Can Predict Whiplash Disability

§1130.21   Second Whiplash Injury: Affect on Recovery

§1130.22   Risk of Neck or Shoulder Pain 7 Years after Whiplash Injury

§1130.23   Initial Symptoms and Recovery Rate After Whiplash

§1130.24   Predicting Disability After Whiplash

§1130.25   Long Term Effect of Rear-End Collisions

§1130.26   30% Complain of Chronic Neck Pain After Whiplash

§1130.27   Factors Determining Chronic Whiplash Pain

§1130.28   Risk Factors for Whiplash

§1130.29   Long-Term Outcome of Motor Vehicle Accidents

§1130.30   Preventing Chronic Whiplash Pain

§1130.31   Chronic Whiplash and Functional Impairments

§1130.32   Long-Term Follow-Up of Whiplash Patients

§1130.33   Whiplash and Long-Term Outcome

§1135   Psychology

§1135.14   Quality of Life and Psychological Functioning After Neck Sprain

§1135.15   Anxiety and Depression after Whiplash

§1135.16   Psychological Injury Over 18-Month Period After Trauma

§1135.17   Stress Vulnerability in Patients with Whiplash

§1135.18   Is Whiplash a Psychological Problem?

§1135.19   Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Patients with Lumbar and Cervical Spine Pain

§1135.20   Psychological Symptoms After Whiplash: No Different From Other Chronic Pain

§1135.21   Motor Vehicle Accidents and Peritraumatic Dissociation

§1135.22   Neuropsychological Testing & Whiplash

§1135.23   Whiplash Associated Disorders and Psychological Problems

§1135.24   Psychological Effect of Motor Vehicle Accidents

§1135.25   Coping Strategies and Whiplash

§1135.26   Whiplash and the Effects of Life Stress

§1135.27   Personality and Whiplash

§1135.28   Psychological Response to Whiplash Develops after Physical Symptoms

§1135.29   Whiplash, IQ, and Emotional Dysfunction

§1135.30   Psychological Outcome of Whiplash

§1140   Symptoms

§1140.24   Possible Cause of Radicular Pain After Whiplash

§1140.25   Hormonal Dysfunction After Whiplash Injury

§1140.26   Ligament Damage After Whiplash Trauma

§1140.27   Arm Pain After Whiplash

§1140.28   Cervical Disc Injury From Low Speed Auto Collisions

§1140.29   Visual Disturbances after Whiplash Injuries

§1140.30   Shoulder Impingement after Whiplash Injury

§1140.31   Whiplash: The Neck and the Brain

§1140.32   Inner Ear Injuries after Whiplash

§1140.33   TMD after Whiplash Injury

§1140.34   Trauma, PTSD, and Problem Drinking

§1140.35   Whiplash and the Central Nervous System

§1140.36   Recognizing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome after Whiplash Injury

§1140.37   Whiplash and Multiple Sclerosis

§1140.38   Immune System Responses After Whiplash

§1140.39   The Long-Term Effects of Rear-End Automobile Collisions

§1140.40   Are Facet Joints the Root of Chronic Neck Pain?

§1140.41   Brachial Plexus Injuries After Whiplash

§1140.42   Cervical Muscle Dysfunction after Whiplash

§1140.43   Cervical Sympathetic Chain Injury After Lateral Whiplash

§1140.44   TMJ, Whiplash and Lithuania

§1140.45   Hearing Disorders After Whiplash

§1140.46   Whiplash and the Central Nervous System

§1140.47   Tinnitus and Cervical Spine Injury

§1140.48   Whiplash-Associated Headache

§1140.49   The C2 Nerve Root Ganglion and Whiplash

§1140.50   Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy and Whiplash

§1140.51   Motor Vehicle Accidents and TMD

§1140.52   TMD and Whiplash: Psychological and Somatic Complaints

§1140.53   Cognitive Complaints After Whiplash

§1140.54   Proprioception and Whiplash

§1140.55   Vertebral Artery Injury After Cervical Spine Trauma

§1140.56   Whiplash and Post-Traumatic Fibromyalgia

§1140.57   Muscular Tension After Whiplash

§1140.58   Whiplash Injuries and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder

§1140.59   Cervical Trauma and Tremor

§1140.60   Driving Skills after Whiplash

§1140.61   Whiplash Injuries and the Occipital Nerve

§1140.62   Whiplash Similar to Other Chronic Pain Disorders

§1140.63   Retropharyngeal Tendinitis

§1140.64   Systemic Sclerosis and Trauma

§1140.65   Third Cervical Root Compression After Whiplash

§1140.66   The Neck Pain Disability Index

§1140.67   Surgical Treatment for Zygapophysial Joint Pain After Whiplash

§1140.68   Spinal Ganglion Nerve Injury After Whiplash Motion

§1140.69   Stroke After Whiplash

§1140.70   TMJ Surgery After Whiplash

§1145   TMJ

§1145.12   TMJ Pain After Cervical Spine Injury

§1145.13   How Common is TMJ Pain After Whiplash?

§1145.14   TMJ Pain and the Cervical Spine

§1145.15   TMJ and Whiplash: The Craniocervical Connection

§1145.16   Post-Traumatic Temporomandibular Disorder After Whiplash

§1145.17   Whiplash and TMJ: MRI Documentation

§1150   Treatment

§1150.15   Soft Collars Slow Recovery Time After Whiplash

§1150.16   Conservative Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

§1150.17   Chiropractic Versus Active Exercise for Low Back Pain

§1150.18   Chiropractic Reduces Unnecessary Interventions in Low Back and Neck Pain Cases

§1150.19   Exercise Therapy in Mechanical Neck Disorders

§1150.20   Whiplash and Early Intervention: Active Mobilization vs. Standard Treatment

§1150.21   Home Exercises for Whiplash

§1150.22   Multidisciplinary Treatment For Chronic Whiplash

§1150.23   Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache

§1150.24   Spinal Cord Stimulation and Whiplash Injury

§1150.25   Chiropractic Treatment of Whiplash

§1150.26   Chiropractic “Only Proven Effective Treatment” for Chronic Whiplash

§1150.27   Whiplash and Methylprednisolone

§1150.28   Motor Vehicle Accidents and Benzodiazepine

§1150.29   Acute Treatment of Whiplash Neck Sprains

§1150.30   Psychological Distress Disappears when Whiplash Pain is Relieved

§1150.31   93% of Whiplash Patients Improve With Chiropractic

§1150.32   Acupuncture for Balance Disorders From Whiplash

§1200  Related Problems

§1205   Back Pain

§1205.24   Medical Treatment Combined with Chiropractic an Effective Treatment for Back Pain

§1205.25   Does it Matter Which Exercise for Back Pain?

§1205.26   Stay-Active Care Versus Manual Therapy + Stay-Active Care

§1205.27   Conservative Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

§1205.28   Acute and Chronic Back Pain: The Effectiveness of Medical and Chiropractic Treatment

§1205.29   Sciatica: Surgical vs. Nonsurgical Treatment

§1205.30   Massage Therapy Effective Treatment for Low Back Pain

§1205.31   Chiropractic and Family Practice Physician Treatment Outcomes for Chronic, Recurrent Low Back Pain

§1205.32   Predictors of Low Back Pain Improvement

§1205.33   Clinical Practices in Low Back Pain Management

§1205.34   Active Rehabilitation of Low Back Pain

§1205.35   Physical Risk Factors and Back Pain

§1205.36   Fear of Movement and Low Back Pain

§1205.37   Informative Approach to Low Back Pain

§1205.38   Controlling Lumbar Flexion to Reduce Low Back Pain

§1205.39   Back Pain Assessment and Advice in Primary Care

§1205.40   Stressful Life Events and Low Back Pain

§1205.41   Back Pain, Fibromyalgia, and the Stress Response System

§1205.42   MRI’s Influence on Low Back and Leg Pain

§1205.43   Performance Testing of Low Back Pain Patients

§1205.44   Referral Patterns in Low Back Pain Patients

§1205.45   Aortic Calcification, Disc Degeneration, and Back Pain

§1205.46   Prognosis of Low Back Pain in General Practice

§1205.47   Socioeconomic Impact of Back Pain

§1205.48   Patients’ Views of Back Pain

§1205.49   Predicting Chronic Disability in Low Back Pain

§1205.50   Nerve Damage Caused by Leakage of Nucleus Pulposus

§1205.51   Conservative Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis Effective

§1205.52   Factors in the Diagnosis of Disc Herniations

§1205.53   Chronic Back Pain and Sexual Abuse

§1205.54   MRI Scans of Asymptomatic Thoracic Spines

§1205.55   Increasing Lumbar Spinal Fusion Rates

§1205.56   Epidural Steroid Injections for Low Back Pain Ineffective

§1210   Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

§1210.14   Diagnosing Cervical Spondylosis versus Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

§1210.15   CTS as a Herald of Connective Tissue Disorders

§1210.16   Nerve Injury from Carpal Tunnel Steroid Injection

§1210.17   Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Raynaud’s

§1215   Chiropractic

§1215.23   Predicting Outcomes in Low Back Pain Patients

§1215.24   Treating Chronic Back Pain With Chiropractic

§1215.25   Chiropractic Adjustments Versus Muscle Relaxants for Subacute Low Back Pain

§1215.26   Cervical Radiculopathy Treated Effectively with Chiropractic Manipulation

§1215.27   Patient Satisfaction with Chiropractic Treatment for Low Back Pain

§1215.28   Chiropractic Beneficial for Chronic Back Pain

§1215.29   Chiropractic Improves Cervical Spine Lordosis

§1215.30   Chiropractic Treatment for Migraine

§1215.31   Chiropractic Treatment for Fibromyalgia

§1215.32   Chiropractic and Family Practice Physician Treatment Outcomes for Chronic, Recurrent Low Back Pain

§1215.33   Fibromyalgia and Chiropractic

§1215.34   Chiropractic Treatment of Whiplash

§1215.35   Chiropractic “Only Proven Effective Treatment” for Chronic Whiplash

§1215.36   Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine

§1215.37   Musculoskeletal Problems and Chiropractic Care

§1215.38   National Usage of Chiropractic Services

§1215.39   Neck Pain, Proprioception and Chiropractic

§1215.40   Side Effects of Chiropractic Treatment

§1215.41   Manipulation, Mobilization and the Cervical Spine

§1215.42   Cost Effectiveness of Chiropractic

§1215.43   Manipulation for Tension Headache

§1215.44   Chiropractic Treatment of Spinal Fracture

§1215.45   Chiropractic Treatment of Disc Herniations

§1215.46   Patients Prefer Chiropractic

§1220   Chronic Pain

§1220.25   Fear of Movement and Chronic Whiplash Pain

§1220.26   Acute Injury and the Autonomic Nervous System

§1220.27   Assessing the Effectiveness of Medication, Acupuncture and Spinal Manipulation in Treating Chronic Spinal Pain

§1220.28   Chronic Pain After Whiplash: Central Sensitization

§1220.29   Chronic Pain after Whiplash: Objective Documentation

§1220.30   PTSD in Substance Abuse and Chronic Pain Patients

§1220.31   Fear of Pain More Disabling than Actual Pain

§1220.32   Patient Beliefs Predict Patient Functioning

§1220.33   Trauma History and Chronic Pain

§1220.34   Shoulder-Neck Pain and Total Body Pain

§1220.35   Placebo, Suggestion, and Pain

§1220.36   Chronic Pain: Psychology and Iatrogenesis

§1220.37   Myofascial Pain and Botulinum Toxin

§1220.38   Catastrophizing and Soft-Tissue Injuries

§1220.39   Musculoskeletal Medicine and Primary Care Physicians

§1220.40   Public Attitudes About Pain

§1220.41   Over-The-Counter Analgesics: Opium for the Masses?

§1220.42   The Differences Between Somatic and Psychogenic Pain

§1220.43   What Do Healthcare Providers Know about Pain?

§1220.44   Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Pain Syndrome

§1220.45   Magnet Therapy for Muscle Pain

§1220.46   Iatrogenic Factors and Chronic Pain

§1220.47   Pain Relief: Patient and Physician Expectations

§1220.48   Musculoskeletal Pain and Smoking

§1220.49   Pain and Depression

§1220.50   Thyroid Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Pain

§1220.51   Overlooked Physical Diagnoses in Chronic Pain Patients

§1225   Fibromyalgia

§1225.29   Trauma and Fibromyalgia

§1225.30   Myofascial Face Pain and Fibromyalgia

§1225.31   Posttraumatic Fibromyalgia: Physician Survey

§1225.32   Chiropractic Treatment for Fibromyalgia

§1225.33   PTSD-Like Symptoms and Fibromyalgia

§1225.34   Fibromyalgia and Chiropractic

§1225.35   Tender Points, Distress, and Fibromyalgia

§1225.36   Fibromyalgia Five Years Later

§1225.37   Fibromyalgia and a Multi-Modal Treatment Program

§1225.38   Back Pain, Fibromyalgia, and the Stress Response System

§1225.39   Multimodal Treatment and Fibromyalgia

§1225.40   Whiplash and Post-Traumatic Fibromyalgia

§1225.41   Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Fibromyalgia

§1225.42   Overdiagnosis of Fibromyalgia

§1225.43   Fibromyalgia and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome

§1225.44   Psychosocial Treatment of Fibromyalgia

§1225.45   Soft-Tissue Injury and C-Reactive Protein Levels

§1225.46   Predicting Fibromyalgia Outcome

§1225.47   Fibromyalgia and CNS Dysfunction

§1225.48   Characteristics of Post-Traumatic Fibromyalgia

§1230   Headache

§1230.26   Headache After an Auto Collision: A Case Report

§1230.27   Differentiating Migraine From Cervicogenic Headache

§1230.28   Recognizing and Treating Cervicogenic Headache

§1230.29   Facet Joints and Headaches

§1230.30   Chiropractic Treatment for Migraine

§1230.31   Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache

§1230.32   Muscle Hardness and Tension Type Headache

§1230.33   Anxiety and Fear of Pain in Headache Patients

§1230.34   Whiplash-Associated Headache

§1230.35   Migraine Headaches, Physical Therapy, and Thermal Biofeedback

§1230.36   Analgesic Rebound Headache: Overdiagnosed?

§1230.37   Post-Traumatic Migraine

§1230.38   Headache Type and Neck Mobility

§1230.39   Stress, Hunger, and Headache

§1230.40   Post-Traumatic Headache and Cerebral Blood Flow

§1230.41   Post-Traumatic Headache and CT, MRI Findings

§1230.42   Physical Therapy and Tension Headache

§1230.43   Air Pollution and Headache

§1230.44   Analgesic Rebound Headache: How Common Is It?

§1230.45   Characteristics of Migraine Patients

§1230.46   Manipulation for Tension Headache

§1230.47   EEG Differences in Post-Traumatic Headache Patients

§1230.48   Recent Onset Headache

§1230.49   Headache, Diet, and Exercise

§1235   Head Restraints

§1235.13   Head Restraint Positioning Increases Risk of Whiplash Injury

§1235.14   Head Restraint Effectiveness in Real World Conditions

§1235.15   Effect of Car Seat Back on Injury Potential in Rear-End Collisions

§1235.16   Insurance Industry Association: “Head Restraints in Most Cars Inadequate.”

§1235.17   Saab Active Head Restraint

§1235.18   Car Seat Design and Whiplash

§1235.19   1997 Vehicle Head Restraints: How Good Are They?

§1240   Miscellaneous

§1240.13   Oculomotor Dysfunction After Whiplash Injuries

§1240.14   Chiropractic an Effective Treatment for Osteoarthritis

§1240.15   Chiropractic Safe and Effective for Back Pain During Pregnancy

§1240.16   Tinnitus and the Cervical Spine

§1240.17   Soccer Causes Degenerative Cervical Changes

§1240.18   Nervous Tissue Damage Markers in CSF After Whiplash

§1240.19   Development of Motor Dysfunction Following Whiplash

§1240.20   Massage Therapy and Bone Marrow Transplant

§1240.21   The Legal System and Post-Traumatic Movement Disorders

§1240.22   Airbag Injury

§1240.23   Unnecessary Prescribing of NSAIDs

§1240.24   Over-The-Counter Analgesics: Opium for the Masses?

§1240.25   NSAIDs: Infertility, Psychiatric Disorder

§1240.26   Accident Neurosis Revisited

§1240.27   The Benefits of Tai Chi

§1240.28   Stress Slows Wound Healing

§1240.29   An Uncommon Cause of Sciatic Nerve Entrapment

§1245   Neck Pain

§1245.14   Does Neck Pain Cause Low Back Pain?

§1245.15   Are Facet Joints the Root of Chronic Neck Pain?

§1245.16   Neck Pain Risk Factors

§1245.17   Predictors of Neck Disorders

§1245.18   Acupuncture for Chronic Neck Pain

§1245.19   Disappearing Herniated Disc

§1245.20   Conservative Treatment of Cervical Radicular Pain Effective

§1245.21   Nonoperative Treatment of Herniated Cervical Discs

§1250   PTSD

§1250.23   Long-Term Whiplash Pain and Post-Traumatic Stress

§1250.24   Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children

§1250.25   Treating Acute Stress Disorder to Prevent PTSD after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

§1250.26   Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Emergency Room

§1250.27   Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD in MVC Survivors

§1250.28   PTSD in Children after Auto Collisions

§1250.29   Amnesia and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

§1250.30   Current Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

§1250.31   Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Car Crashes

§1250.32   Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress

§1250.33   Children and Motor Vehicle Accidents: PTSD and Emotional Problems

§1250.34   Motor Vehicle Accidents and Peritraumatic Dissociation

§1250.35   PTSD-Like Symptoms and Fibromyalgia

§1250.36   PTSD in Substance Abuse and Chronic Pain Patients

§1250.37   Acute Stress Disorder

§1250.38   Symptoms of PTSD and ASD in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

§1250.39   Predicting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

§1250.40   “Sense of Coherence” and Traffic Accident PTSD

§1250.41   Previous Trauma Exposure and PTSD

§1250.42   Predicting PTSD

§1250.43   Undiagnosed PTSD

§1250.44   Short Screening Questionnaire for PTSD

§1250.45   Acute Stress Disorder Predicts PTSD

§1250.46   PTSD and Cognitive Factors

§1250.47   Quick Diagnostic Testing of PTSD

§1250.48   Acute Stress Response Patterns

§1250.49   Psychological Trauma in Children After Traffic Accidents

§1250.50   Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Fibromyalgia

§1250.51   PTSD and Accident Related Pain

§1250.52   Delayed Onset PTSD After Auto Accidents

§1255   Rheumatoid Arthritis

§1255.15   Complementary Therapies for Arthritis Pain

§1255.16   Rheumatoid Arthritis and Exercise

§1255.17   Emotional Disclosure in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

§1255.18   Rheumatoid Arthritis and Stress Management

§1260   Shoulder Pain

§1260.15   Shoulder-Neck Pain and Total Body Pain

§1260.16   Pulsed Ultrasound vs. Placebo for Shoulder Pain

§1265   Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

§1265.15   Conservative Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

§1265.16   Thoracic Outlet Syndrome After Motor Vehicle Accidents

§1270   TMJ

§1270.28   TMJ Pain After Whiplash: Muscular Dysfunction and the Central Nervous System

§1270.29   Visual Symptoms, TMJ Pain and the Cervical Spine

§1270.30   The Effectiveness of Exercise Therapy for TMJ Pain

§1270.31   Does TMJ Pain Improve Without Treatment

§1270.32   Capsaicin Treatment for TMJ

§1270.33   TMJ and Whiplash: The Craniocervical Connection

§1270.34   TMJ and Disk Deformation Imaging

§1270.35   TMD and Biofeedback

§1270.36   The Role of Muscles in TMJ and Facial Pain

§1270.37   TMD and Neck Pain

§1270.38   TMJ, Whiplash and Lithuania

§1270.39   Serotonin and TMD

§1270.40   TMD and Psychological Characteristics

§1270.41   Motor Vehicle Accidents and TMD

§1270.42   Biomechanics of TMJ Injury from Whiplash

§1270.43   TMD and Whiplash: Psychological and Somatic Complaints

§1270.44   MRI: Whiplash and TMJ

§1270.45   Whiplash Injuries and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder

§1270.46   TMJ Pain, Trauma and the Effectiveness of Different Treatments

§1270.47   TMJ Injury and Motor Vehicle Accidents

§1270.48   Posttraumatic Temporomandibular Disorder After Whiplash

§1270.49   Whiplash and TMJ: MRI Documentation

§1270.50   Manipulation for TMJ Pain

§1270.51   TMJ Pain and Cervical Spine Disorder

§1270.52   TMJ Surgery After Whiplash

§1275   Traumatic Brain Injury/Post-Concussion Syndrome

§1275.33   ADHD in Children After Brain Injury

§1275.34   Identifying Brain Injury: How Effective Are Trauma Centers?

§1275.35   Major Depression Following Mild Traumatic