Medical Proof of Whiplash
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Table of Contents
PART I. ALL CASES
§100 BIOMECHANICS
§105 No-Vehicle-Damage Accidents
§110 How the Cervical Spine is Injured in Low Speed Collisions
§110.1 Facet Joint Injury
§110.2 Mechanism of Injury
§115 Factors and Variables to Consider in Auto Collisions
§120 Crash-Related Factors and Risk of Whiplash Injury
§125 15 Million People Suffer From Chronic Whiplash in US
§200 SYMPTOMS
§205 Neck Pain
§205.1 Myofascial Trauma
§205.2 Ligamentous Damage
§205.2.1 Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Injury During Whiplash
§205.2.2 Transverse Ligament Injury After Whiplash
§205.3 Disc-Related Trauma
§205.4 Facet Joint Injury
§205.5 Degenerative Changes
§205.6 Neurological Trauma
§205.6.1 Indirect Nerve Damage
§205.6.2 Direct Nerve Damage
§205.7 Skeletal Trauma
§205.8 Vascular Damage
§205.9 Imaging Cervical Trauma
§205.9.1 C-Reactive Protein
§205.10 Treatment
§205.10.1 Chiropractic
§205.10.2 Surgery
§205.10.3 Multi-Modal Care
§210 Headache
§210.1 Cervicogenic Headache
§210.2 Occipital Neuralgia
§210.3 Myofascial Headache
§210.4 Migraine
§210.5 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
§210.6 Other Headaches
§210.7 Prognosis and Treatment
§215 Fibromyalgia
§215.1 Diagnostic Criteria
§215.2 Etiology
§215.3 Fibromyalgia or Malingering?
§215.4 Misdiagnosis
§215.5 Treatment
§220 Temporomandibular Joint Pain
§220.1 Signs and Symptoms
§220.2 Etiology
§220.3 Treatment
§220.3.1 Multi-Disciplinary
§220.3.2 Manipulation
§225 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
§225.1 Diagnosis
§225.2 Etiology
§225.3 Prognosis and Treatment
§230 Low Back Pain
§230.1 Etiology
§230.2 Symptoms
§230.3 Treatment
§230.3.1 Muscle Relaxants Ineffective for Acute Low Back Pain
§235 Dysphagia
§235.1 Etiology
§235.2 Treatment
§240 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
§240.1 Etiology
§240.2 Diagnostic Tests
§240.3 Treatment
§245 Dizziness
§245.1 Etiology
§245.2 Treatment
§245.2.1 The Effectiveness of Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Dizziness and Hearing Impairment
§250 Cervical Trauma and Tremor
§255 Systemic Sclerosis and Trauma
§260 Visual Symptoms
§260.1 Etiology
§260.2 Prognosis and Treatment
§265 Sleep Disturbances
§265.1 Etiology
§265.2 Treatment
§300 PROGNOSIS
§305 The
§310 Delayed Onset
§310.1 Predictors of Late Whiplash Syndrome
§400 CONTROVERSIES
§405 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Concussion Syndrome
§405.1 Etiology
§405.2 Does Concussion Require Loss of Consciousness?
§405.3 Symptoms
§405.4 Warning Signs
§405.5 Diagnosis
§405.5.1 The Importance of Careful Review
§405.5.2 Imaging
§405.5.3 Tests
§405.5.4 Brain Injury or Chronic Pain: The Importance of Diagnosis
§405.5.5 Cerebral Blood Flow in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
§405.6 Treatment
§405.7 Course of Recovery
§405.8 Psychology of MTBI
§405.9 Drugs
§405.10 Public Misconceptions About Brain Injury and Implications for Treatment and Litigation
§410 Psychological Symptoms
§410.1 Types of Problems
§410.2 Etiology
§410.2.1 Undiagnosed or Untreated Pain
§410.2.2 Psychological Problems Disappear When Physical Pain Treated
§410.2.3 The Effect of Chronic Pain
§410.3 Differentiating Organic and Psychogenic Pain
§410.4 Family Support
§410.5 Pre-Existing Psychological Disorder
§410.6 Litigation
§410.7 Treatment
§410.8 The Role of the Physician
§410.9 Psychiatric Illness Following Traumatic Brain Injury
§415 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
§415.1 Symptoms
§415.2 Etiology
§415.3 Treatment
§500 LEGAL ISSUES
§505 Malingering
§505.1 The Lithuanian Study
§505.2 The Opinion of Professionals on the Issue of Whiplash
§505.3 Can Patients Fake Whiplash?
§505.4 Poor Diagnosis
§510 Litigation (Are Patients Cured by a Verdict?)
§515 How Accurate is Accident Reconstruction?
§600 OTHER ISSUES
§605 Safety Devices and Whiplash Injuries
§605.1 Head Restraints
§605.2 Neck and Chest Injuries from Seat Belts: A Mini-Review
§605.2.1 Breast Injuries
§605.2.2 Heart and Sternal Injuries
§605.2.3 Thyroid Injury
§605.2.4 Laryngeal Trauma
§605.2.5 Carotid Artery Injury
§605.3 Airbag Injuries
§605.4 Anti-Lock Brakes
§605.5 Children and Whiplash
§605.6 Medications
§610 Side-Impact Collisions
§610.1 Ligament Injury After Side-Impact Collision
§610.2 Injuries From Side-Impact Collisions
§615 Frontal Collisions
§615.1 Ligament Injury From Frontal Collisions
APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE – THE NECK PAIN DISABILITY INDEX
APPENDIX B Q & A FOR FORMULATING AN EFFECTIVE CHIROPRACTIC EXPERT TESTIMONY, BY MACK H. KING, DC, DABCO
PART II. LOW VELOCITY CASES
§700 LAW OF PHYSICS
§705 Momentum
§710 Conservation of Momentum
§715 dV
§720 Acceleration
§725 Inertia
§730 Conclusion
§800 BIOMECHANICS
§805 History
§810 Basic Biomechanics
§810.1 Women and Men: The Biomechanics of Low Speed Collisions
§815 Detailed Biomechanics
§820 Injuries from Low Velocity Impacts
§825 Relationship Between Delta V and G Forces
§900 MECHANISMS OF INJURY IN LOW SPEED COLLISIONS
§905 Phases of a Rear-end Collision
§910 Why G Forces Are Dangerous
§915 Shear, Compression, Tension and Torque
§920 The Ball and Chain
§925 Hyperextension Not the Culprit
§930 X-Ray Analysis of Low Velocity Kinematics
§935 Muscle Activity During Impact
§940 Extension and Damage to Anatomical Structures
§940.1 Alar Ligament
§940.2 Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
§940.3 Anterior Muscles
§940.4 Carotid Artery
§940.5 Concussion
§940.6 Disc Injury
§940.7 Low Back Pain
§940.8 Occipital Nerve
§940.9 Posture Control System
§940.10 Spinal Nerve Injury
§940.11 Suboccipital Muscles
§940.12 Thyroid Injury
§940.13 Vertebral Artery Injury
§940.14 Zygapophysial Joint
§1000 FACTORS AND VARIABLES DETERMINING INJURY SEVERITY
§1005 Engineers vs. Physicians
§1010 Injuries from Experimental Collisions
§1015 Angle of Collision
§1020 Body Position
§1021 Body Size
§1025 Braking
§1030 Bumpers
§1030.10 Do Modern Cars Increase the Risk of Whiplash?
§1035 Gender
§1040 Head Restraints
§1045 Level of Preparedness
§1046 Patient Pre-Existing Conditions
§1047 Physiological Limits
§1048 Posture
§1050 Road Conditions
§1055 Seat Back Characteristics
§1056 Seat Backs and Ramping
§1060 Seat Belts
§1065 Secondary Impacts
§1070 Tire Position
§1075 Vehicle Size
§1080 Vehicle Speeds
APPENDIX C RATINGS OF HEAD RESTRAINTS IN 1995 VEHICLES
PART III. MEDICAL STUDIES
§1100 WHIPLASH
§1105 Biomechanics
§1105.13 Whiplash Injury: Women Have More Vulnerable Necks
§1105.14 Whiplash Injury Weakens the Neck
§1105.15 Neck Ligaments Are Weakened After Auto Collisions
§1105.16 Turned Head Increases Risk of Whiplash Injury
§1105.17 Turned Head Increases Risk of Neck Injury During Collision
§1105.18 Head Position and Ligament Injury After Whiplash Trauma
§1105.19 Why Some People Are More Vulnerable to Whiplash Injuries
§1105.20 Seating Position and Gender as Risk Factors for Whiplash Injury
§1105.21 Abnormal Posture Increases Risk of Whiplash Injury
§1105.22 Cervical Lordosis and Neck Complaints
§1105.23 Women Physically More Susceptible to Whiplash Injury
§1105.24 Injury Threshold of Rear-End Collisions
§1105.25 Children and Whiplash
§1105.26 Low Back Pain After Whiplash: Mechanism of Injury
§1105.27 Understanding TMJ Pain After Whiplash: How Injury to the Cervical Spine Can Cause Jaw Dysfunction
§1105.28 Immune System Responses After Whiplash
§1105.29 Hidden Spinal Injuries After Whiplash
§1105.30 Effect of Car Seat Back on Injury Potential in Rear-End Collisions
§1105.31 Insurance Industry Association: “Head Restraints in Most Cars Inadequate.”
§1105.32 Spinal Lesions After Low Speed, Rear-End Collisions
§1105.33 The Cervical Facet Capsule and Its Role in Whiplash Injury
§1105.34 Muscle Injury and Low Speed Whiplash
§1105.35 Setting the Whiplash Record Straight
§1105.36 The Latest on Whiplash: The World Congress on Whiplash Associated Disorders
§1105.37 Facet Joint Biomechanics in Rear-End Collisions
§1105.38 Analysis of Real World Car Crashes
§1105.39 Human Response to Low Speed Impact
§1105.40 Whiplash: Social and Crash Factors
§1105.41 Human Factors and Whiplash
§1105.42 Biomechanics of TMJ Injury from Whiplash
§1105.43 Rib Fractures and Whiplash
§1105.44 Whiplash Biomechanics: Latest Findings
§1105.45 Possible Mechanism of Cervical Facet Joint Injury from Low Velocity Rear-End Collisions
§1105.46 The Mechanics of Lower Cervical Spine Injury from Whiplash
§1105.47 Vertebral Artery Stretching during Whiplash
§1105.48 Cervical Spine Injury Mechanism of Whiplash
§1105.49 Can Accident Reconstructionists Accurately Determine Occupant Acceleration After the Fact?
§1105.50 Ligament Stretching During Whiplash Movement
§1105.51 Does No Vehicle Damage Mean No Injury?
§1105.52 Whiplash and Cervical Zygapophysial Joint Pain
§1105.53 Antilock Brakes and Rear-End Collisions
§1105.54 Quadriplegia in a Child from a Lap-Shoulder Belt
§1105.55 Head Restraint
Position During
§1105.56 Neck and Chest Injuries From Seat Belts: A Mini Review
§1105.57 Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries
§1105.58 Airbag Injuries: A Review
§1110 Brain Injury
§1110.11 Brain Injury After Whiplash
§1110.12 Does Whiplash Result in Brain Injury?
§1110.13 Similarities Between Whiplash and Brain Injury
§1110.14 Prevalence of
Traumatic Brain Injury in
§1110.15 Brain Dysfunction and Whiplash
§1110.16 EEG, Whiplash and Mild Head Injury
§1110.17 Brain Lesions in Whiplash Patients
§1110.18 Brain Lesions After Whiplash
§1110.19 Symptoms of TBI After Whiplash
§1110.20 Chronic Whiplash: Brain Injury or Malingering?
§1115 Dizziness
§1115.11 Hidden Balance Problems After Auto Injury
§1115.12 Dizziness and the Cervical Spine
§1115.13 Dizziness After Whiplash Caused by Trauma to Neck
§1115.14 Dizziness Following Whiplash Injury
§1115.15 Cervical Vertigo: Combined Treatment
§1115.16 Postural Stability and Neck Trauma
§1115.17 Dizziness After Whiplash
§1115.18 More on Proprioception and Whiplash
§1115.19 Whiplash and Proprioceptive Disturbance
§1115.20 Whiplash and Postural Control Disturbance
§1115.21 Whiplash and Dizziness
§1115.22 Postural Instability and Whiplash
§1120 Imaging
§1120.16 Objective Evidence of Nerve and Muscle Changes After Whiplash Injury
§1120.17 Using X-rays to Document Ligament Injury After Whiplash
§1120.18 Objective Evidence of Ligament Injury After Whiplash Trauma
§1120.19 Whiplash, Brain Injury, and SPECT
§1120.20 Cervical Spine Radiography and Trauma
§1120.21 Cervical Spine MRI
§1120.22 MRI: Whiplash and TMJ
§1120.23 Disc Pathology After Whiplash: An MRI Study
§1120.24 Brain Imaging and Whiplash
§1120.25 Imaging Whiplash Injuries
§1120.26 The Relationship Between Cervical Radiographic Findings and Pain
§1120.27 MRI After Cervical Spine Injury
§1120.28 SPECT Scans and Whiplash
§1125 Litigation
§1125.17 Significant Spinal Injuries for Low-Level Accelerations
§1125.18 Does Attitude and Compensation System Affect Whiplash Outcome?
§1125.19 Objective Signs of Central Nervous System Dysfunction After Whiplash
§1125.20 Is Whiplash Pain Affected by Litigation?
§1125.21 No-Fault a “Cure” for Whiplash?
§1125.22 Overturn of Whiplash Award
§1125.23 The Problems
with the
§1125.24 The Effect of Litigation on Whiplash
§1125.25 Is Whiplash Real?
§1125.26 More on The Lancet Whiplash Study
§1125.27 Can Patients Fake Whiplash?
§1125.28 $800,000 Award for MS After Whiplash
§1130 Prognosis
§1130.07 Recovery Time From Ligament Injury
§1130.08 Whiplash Prognosis: Which Patients Are at Risk?
§1130.09 Does Coping Technique Affect Whiplash Outcome?
§1130.10 Spinal Cord Hypersensitivity After Whiplash Injury
§1130.11 Active, Early Intervention for Whiplash Improves Prognosis
§1130.12 Three-Year Outcome After Auto Collisions
§1130.13 Who is at Risk for Developing Chronic Whiplash Pain?
§1130.14 Predicting Outcome of Whiplash-Associated Disorders
§1130.15 Prognostic Factors in Whiplash
§1130.16 The Initial Symptoms and Long-Term Outcome of Whiplash
§1130.17 Long-Term Course of Chronic PTSD After Auto Collisions
§1130.18 Immune System Responses After Whiplash
§1130.19 The Long-Term Effects of Rear-End Automobile Collisions
§1130.20 Cervical
§1130.21 Second Whiplash Injury: Affect on Recovery
§1130.22 Risk of Neck or Shoulder Pain 7 Years after Whiplash Injury
§1130.23 Initial Symptoms and Recovery Rate After Whiplash
§1130.24 Predicting Disability After Whiplash
§1130.25 Long Term Effect of Rear-End Collisions
§1130.26 30% Complain of Chronic Neck Pain After Whiplash
§1130.27 Factors Determining Chronic Whiplash Pain
§1130.28 Risk Factors for Whiplash
§1130.29 Long-Term Outcome of Motor Vehicle Accidents
§1130.30 Preventing Chronic Whiplash Pain
§1130.31 Chronic Whiplash and Functional Impairments
§1130.32 Long-Term Follow-Up of Whiplash Patients
§1130.33 Whiplash and Long-Term Outcome
§1135 Psychology
§1135.12 Depression After Whiplash
§1135.13 Back Pain Real, Even When Psychological Symptoms Are Present
§1135.14 Quality of Life and Psychological Functioning After Neck Sprain
§1135.15 Anxiety and Depression after Whiplash
§1135.16 Psychological Injury Over 18-Month Period After Trauma
§1135.17 Stress Vulnerability in Patients with Whiplash
§1135.18 Is Whiplash a Psychological Problem?
§1135.19 Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Patients with Lumbar and Cervical Spine Pain
§1135.20 Psychological Symptoms After Whiplash: No Different From Other Chronic Pain
§1135.21 Motor Vehicle Accidents and Peritraumatic Dissociation
§1135.22 Neuropsychological Testing & Whiplash
§1135.23 Whiplash Associated Disorders and Psychological Problems
§1135.24 Psychological Effect of Motor Vehicle Accidents
§1135.25 Coping Strategies and Whiplash
§1135.26 Whiplash and the Effects of Life Stress
§1135.27 Personality and Whiplash
§1135.28 Psychological Response to Whiplash Develops after Physical Symptoms
§1135.29 Whiplash, IQ, and Emotional Dysfunction
§1135.30 Psychological Outcome of Whiplash
§1140 Symptoms
§1140.20 Whiplash, Referred Pain and the Central Nervous System
§1140.21 Nerve Damage in the Spine After Auto Injury
§1140.22 Nerve Injury After Whiplash
§1140.23 Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Whiplash Injury
§1140.24 Possible Cause of Radicular Pain After Whiplash
§1140.25 Hormonal Dysfunction After Whiplash Injury
§1140.26 Ligament Damage After Whiplash Trauma
§1140.27 Arm Pain After Whiplash
§1140.28 Cervical Disc Injury From Low Speed Auto Collisions
§1140.29 Visual Disturbances after Whiplash Injuries
§1140.30 Shoulder Impingement after Whiplash Injury
§1140.31 Whiplash: The Neck and the Brain
§1140.32 Inner Ear Injuries after Whiplash
§1140.33 TMD after Whiplash Injury
§1140.34 Trauma, PTSD, and Problem Drinking
§1140.35 Whiplash and the Central Nervous System
§1140.36 Recognizing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome after Whiplash Injury
§1140.37 Whiplash and Multiple Sclerosis
§1140.38 Immune System Responses After Whiplash
§1140.39 The Long-Term Effects of Rear-End Automobile Collisions
§1140.40 Are Facet Joints the Root of Chronic Neck Pain?
§1140.41 Brachial Plexus Injuries After Whiplash
§1140.42 Cervical Muscle Dysfunction after Whiplash
§1140.43 Cervical Sympathetic Chain Injury After Lateral Whiplash
§1140.44 TMJ, Whiplash
and
§1140.45 Hearing Disorders After Whiplash
§1140.46 Whiplash and the Central Nervous System
§1140.47 Tinnitus and Cervical Spine Injury
§1140.48 Whiplash-Associated Headache
§1140.49 The C2 Nerve Root Ganglion and Whiplash
§1140.50 Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy and Whiplash
§1140.51 Motor Vehicle Accidents and TMD
§1140.52 TMD and Whiplash: Psychological and Somatic Complaints
§1140.53 Cognitive Complaints After Whiplash
§1140.54 Proprioception and Whiplash
§1140.55 Vertebral Artery Injury After Cervical Spine Trauma
§1140.56 Whiplash and Post-Traumatic Fibromyalgia
§1140.57 Muscular Tension After Whiplash
§1140.58 Whiplash Injuries and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
§1140.59 Cervical Trauma and Tremor
§1140.60 Driving Skills after Whiplash
§1140.61 Whiplash Injuries and the Occipital Nerve
§1140.62 Whiplash Similar to Other Chronic Pain Disorders
§1140.63 Retropharyngeal Tendinitis
§1140.64 Systemic Sclerosis and Trauma
§1140.65 Third Cervical Root Compression After Whiplash
§1140.66 The Neck Pain Disability Index
§1140.67 Surgical Treatment for Zygapophysial Joint Pain After Whiplash
§1140.68 Spinal Ganglion Nerve Injury After Whiplash Motion
§1140.69 Stroke After Whiplash
§1140.70 TMJ Surgery After Whiplash
§1145 TMJ
§1145.11 TMJ Pain May Afflict as Many as 1/3 of Whiplash Patients
§1145.12 TMJ Pain After Cervical Spine Injury
§1145.13 How Common is TMJ Pain After Whiplash?
§1145.14 TMJ Pain and the Cervical Spine
§1145.15 TMJ and Whiplash: The Craniocervical Connection
§1145.16 Post-Traumatic Temporomandibular Disorder After Whiplash
§1145.17 Whiplash and TMJ: MRI Documentation
§1150 Treatment
§1150.15 Soft Collars Slow Recovery Time After Whiplash
§1150.16 Conservative Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
§1150.17 Chiropractic Versus Active Exercise for Low Back Pain
§1150.18 Chiropractic Reduces Unnecessary Interventions in Low Back and Neck Pain Cases
§1150.19 Exercise Therapy in Mechanical Neck Disorders
§1150.20 Whiplash and Early Intervention: Active Mobilization vs. Standard Treatment
§1150.21 Home Exercises for Whiplash
§1150.22 Multidisciplinary Treatment For Chronic Whiplash
§1150.23 Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache
§1150.24 Spinal Cord Stimulation and Whiplash Injury
§1150.25 Chiropractic Treatment of Whiplash
§1150.26 Chiropractic “Only Proven Effective Treatment” for Chronic Whiplash
§1150.27 Whiplash and Methylprednisolone
§1150.28 Motor Vehicle Accidents and Benzodiazepine
§1150.29 Acute Treatment of Whiplash Neck Sprains
§1150.30 Psychological Distress Disappears when Whiplash Pain is Relieved
§1150.31 93% of Whiplash Patients Improve With Chiropractic
§1150.32 Acupuncture for Balance Disorders From Whiplash
§1200 RELATED PROBLEMS
§1205 Back Pain
§1205.20 Low Back Pain: The Role of the Facet Joints
§1205.21 Surgery Versus Conservative Care for Sciatica
§1205.22 Guarding Behavior Predicts Disability in Work-Related Back Pain
§1205.23 Effective Treatment of Work-Related Sciatica
§1205.24 Medical Treatment Combined with Chiropractic an Effective Treatment for Back Pain
§1205.25 Does it Matter Which Exercise for Back Pain?
§1205.26 Stay-Active Care Versus Manual Therapy + Stay-Active Care
§1205.27 Conservative Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation
§1205.28 Acute and Chronic Back Pain: The Effectiveness of Medical and Chiropractic Treatment
§1205.29 Sciatica: Surgical vs. Nonsurgical Treatment
§1205.30 Massage Therapy Effective Treatment for Low Back Pain
§1205.31 Chiropractic and Family Practice Physician Treatment Outcomes for Chronic, Recurrent Low Back Pain
§1205.32 Predictors of Low Back Pain Improvement
§1205.33 Clinical Practices in Low Back Pain Management
§1205.34 Active Rehabilitation of Low Back Pain
§1205.35 Physical Risk Factors and Back Pain
§1205.36 Fear of Movement and Low Back Pain
§1205.37 Informative Approach to Low Back Pain
§1205.38 Controlling Lumbar Flexion to Reduce Low Back Pain
§1205.39 Back Pain Assessment and Advice in Primary Care
§1205.40 Stressful Life Events and Low Back Pain
§1205.41 Back Pain, Fibromyalgia, and the Stress Response System
§1205.42 MRI’s Influence on Low Back and Leg Pain
§1205.43 Performance Testing of Low Back Pain Patients
§1205.44 Referral Patterns in Low Back Pain Patients
§1205.45 Aortic Calcification, Disc Degeneration, and Back Pain
§1205.46 Prognosis of Low Back Pain in General Practice
§1205.47 Socioeconomic Impact of Back Pain
§1205.48 Patients’ Views of Back Pain
§1205.49 Predicting Chronic Disability in Low Back Pain
§1205.50 Nerve Damage Caused by Leakage of Nucleus Pulposus
§1205.51 Conservative Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis Effective
§1205.52 Factors in the Diagnosis of Disc Herniations
§1205.53 Chronic Back Pain and Sexual Abuse
§1205.54 MRI Scans of Asymptomatic Thoracic Spines
§1205.55 Increasing Lumbar Spinal Fusion Rates
§1205.56 Epidural Steroid Injections for Low Back Pain Ineffective
§1210 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
§1210.13 Chiropractic Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
§1210.14 Diagnosing Cervical Spondylosis versus Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
§1210.15 CTS as a Herald of Connective Tissue Disorders
§1210.16 Nerve Injury from Carpal Tunnel Steroid Injection
§1210.17 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Raynaud’s
§1215 Chiropractic
§1215.21 Chiropractic Can Reduce High Blood Pressure
§1215.22 Chiropractic More Effective Than Physical Therapy for Back Pain
§1215.23 Predicting Outcomes in Low Back Pain Patients
§1215.24 Treating Chronic Back Pain With Chiropractic
§1215.25 Chiropractic Adjustments Versus Muscle Relaxants for Subacute Low Back Pain
§1215.26 Cervical Radiculopathy Treated Effectively with Chiropractic Manipulation
§1215.27 Patient Satisfaction with Chiropractic Treatment for Low Back Pain
§1215.28 Chiropractic Beneficial for Chronic Back Pain
§1215.29 Chiropractic Improves Cervical Spine Lordosis
§1215.30 Chiropractic Treatment for Migraine
§1215.31 Chiropractic Treatment for Fibromyalgia
§1215.32 Chiropractic and Family Practice Physician Treatment Outcomes for Chronic, Recurrent Low Back Pain
§1215.33 Fibromyalgia and Chiropractic
§1215.34 Chiropractic Treatment of Whiplash
§1215.35 Chiropractic “Only Proven Effective Treatment” for Chronic Whiplash
§1215.36 Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine
§1215.37 Musculoskeletal Problems and Chiropractic Care
§1215.38 National Usage of Chiropractic Services
§1215.39 Neck Pain, Proprioception and Chiropractic
§1215.40 Side Effects of Chiropractic Treatment
§1215.41 Manipulation, Mobilization and the Cervical Spine
§1215.42 Cost Effectiveness of Chiropractic
§1215.43 Manipulation for Tension Headache
§1215.44 Chiropractic Treatment of Spinal Fracture
§1215.45 Chiropractic Treatment of Disc Herniations
§1215.46 Patients Prefer Chiropractic
§1220 Chronic Pain
§1220.22 Whiplash Pain May Affect Structure of the Brain
§1220.23 Risk Factors for Developing Chronic Pain After Whiplash
§1220.24 Who’s at Risk of Developing Chronic Whiplash?
§1220.25 Fear of Movement and Chronic Whiplash Pain
§1220.26 Acute Injury and the Autonomic Nervous System
§1220.27 Assessing the Effectiveness of Medication, Acupuncture and Spinal Manipulation in Treating Chronic Spinal Pain
§1220.28 Chronic Pain After Whiplash: Central Sensitization
§1220.29 Chronic Pain after Whiplash: Objective Documentation
§1220.30 PTSD in Substance Abuse and Chronic Pain Patients
§1220.31 Fear of Pain More Disabling than Actual Pain
§1220.32 Patient Beliefs Predict Patient Functioning
§1220.33 Trauma History and Chronic Pain
§1220.34 Shoulder-Neck Pain and Total Body Pain
§1220.35 Placebo, Suggestion, and Pain
§1220.36 Chronic Pain: Psychology and Iatrogenesis
§1220.37 Myofascial Pain and Botulinum Toxin
§1220.38 Catastrophizing and Soft-Tissue Injuries
§1220.39 Musculoskeletal Medicine and Primary Care Physicians
§1220.40 Public Attitudes About Pain
§1220.41 Over-The-Counter Analgesics: Opium for the Masses?
§1220.42 The Differences Between Somatic and Psychogenic Pain
§1220.43 What Do Healthcare Providers Know about Pain?
§1220.44 Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Pain Syndrome
§1220.45 Magnet Therapy for Muscle Pain
§1220.46 Iatrogenic Factors and Chronic Pain
§1220.47 Pain Relief: Patient and Physician Expectations
§1220.48 Musculoskeletal Pain and Smoking
§1220.49 Pain and Depression
§1220.50 Thyroid Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Pain
§1220.51 Overlooked Physical Diagnoses in Chronic Pain Patients
§1225 Fibromyalgia
§1225.29 Trauma and Fibromyalgia
§1225.30 Myofascial Face Pain and Fibromyalgia
§1225.31 Posttraumatic Fibromyalgia: Physician Survey
§1225.32 Chiropractic Treatment for Fibromyalgia
§1225.33 PTSD-Like Symptoms and Fibromyalgia
§1225.34 Fibromyalgia and Chiropractic
§1225.35 Tender Points, Distress, and Fibromyalgia
§1225.36 Fibromyalgia Five Years Later
§1225.37 Fibromyalgia and a Multi-Modal Treatment Program
§1225.38 Back Pain, Fibromyalgia, and the Stress Response System
§1225.39 Multimodal Treatment and Fibromyalgia
§1225.40 Whiplash and Post-Traumatic Fibromyalgia
§1225.41 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Fibromyalgia
§1225.42 Overdiagnosis of Fibromyalgia
§1225.43 Fibromyalgia and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome
§1225.44 Psychosocial Treatment of Fibromyalgia
§1225.45 Soft-Tissue Injury and C-Reactive Protein Levels
§1225.46 Predicting Fibromyalgia Outcome
§1225.47 Fibromyalgia and CNS Dysfunction
§1225.48 Characteristics of Post-Traumatic Fibromyalgia
§1230 Headache
§1230.25 A New Kind of Whiplash-Associated Headache?
§1230.26 Headache After an Auto Collision: A Case Report
§1230.27 Differentiating Migraine From Cervicogenic Headache
§1230.28 Recognizing and Treating Cervicogenic Headache
§1230.29 Facet Joints and Headaches
§1230.30 Chiropractic Treatment for Migraine
§1230.31 Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache
§1230.32 Muscle Hardness and Tension Type Headache
§1230.33 Anxiety and Fear of Pain in Headache Patients
§1230.34 Whiplash-Associated Headache
§1230.35 Migraine Headaches, Physical Therapy, and Thermal Biofeedback
§1230.36 Analgesic Rebound Headache: Overdiagnosed?
§1230.37 Post-Traumatic Migraine
§1230.38 Headache Type and Neck Mobility
§1230.39 Stress, Hunger, and Headache
§1230.40 Post-Traumatic Headache and Cerebral Blood Flow
§1230.41 Post-Traumatic Headache and CT, MRI Findings
§1230.42 Physical Therapy and Tension Headache
§1230.43 Air Pollution and Headache
§1230.44 Analgesic Rebound Headache: How Common Is It?
§1230.45 Characteristics of Migraine Patients
§1230.46 Manipulation for Tension Headache
§1230.47 EEG Differences in Post-Traumatic Headache Patients
§1230.48 Recent Onset Headache
§1230.49 Headache, Diet, and Exercise
§1235 Head Restraints
§1235.13 Head Restraint Positioning Increases Risk of Whiplash Injury
§1235.14 Head Restraint Effectiveness in Real World Conditions
§1235.15 Effect of Car Seat Back on Injury Potential in Rear-End Collisions
§1235.16 Insurance Industry Association: “Head Restraints in Most Cars Inadequate.”
§1235.17 Saab Active Head Restraint
§1235.18 Car Seat Design and Whiplash
§1235.19 1997 Vehicle Head Restraints: How Good Are They?
§1240 Miscellaneous
§1240.09 Whiplash,
§1240.10 Eye Disorders After Whiplash
§1240.11 Vascular Injury and Stroke After Whiplash
§1240.12 Muscle Injury From Auto Collisions
§1240.13 Oculomotor Dysfunction After Whiplash Injuries
§1240.14 Chiropractic an Effective Treatment for Osteoarthritis
§1240.15 Chiropractic Safe and Effective for Back Pain During Pregnancy
§1240.16 Tinnitus and the Cervical Spine
§1240.17 Soccer Causes Degenerative Cervical Changes
§1240.18 Nervous Tissue Damage Markers in CSF After Whiplash
§1240.19 Development of Motor Dysfunction Following Whiplash
§1240.20 Massage Therapy and Bone Marrow Transplant
§1240.21 The Legal System and Post-Traumatic Movement Disorders
§1240.22 Airbag Injury
§1240.23 Unnecessary Prescribing of NSAIDs
§1240.24 Over-The-Counter Analgesics: Opium for the Masses?
§1240.25 NSAIDs: Infertility, Psychiatric Disorder
§1240.26 Accident Neurosis Revisited
§1240.27 The Benefits of Tai Chi
§1240.28 Stress Slows Wound Healing
§1240.29 An Uncommon Cause of Sciatic Nerve Entrapment
§1245 Neck Pain
§1245.14 Does Neck Pain Cause Low Back Pain?
§1245.15 Are Facet Joints the Root of Chronic Neck Pain?
§1245.16 Neck Pain Risk Factors
§1245.17 Predictors of Neck Disorders
§1245.18 Acupuncture for Chronic Neck Pain
§1245.19 Disappearing Herniated Disc
§1245.20 Conservative Treatment of Cervical Radicular Pain Effective
§1245.21 Nonoperative Treatment of Herniated Cervical Discs
§1250 PTSD
§1250.23 Long-Term Whiplash Pain and Post-Traumatic Stress
§1250.24 Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children
§1250.25 Treating Acute Stress Disorder to Prevent PTSD after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
§1250.26 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Emergency Room
§1250.27 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD in MVC Survivors
§1250.28 PTSD in Children after Auto Collisions
§1250.29 Amnesia and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
§1250.30 Current Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
§1250.31 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Car Crashes
§1250.32 Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress
§1250.33 Children and Motor Vehicle Accidents: PTSD and Emotional Problems
§1250.34 Motor Vehicle Accidents and Peritraumatic Dissociation
§1250.35 PTSD-Like Symptoms and Fibromyalgia
§1250.36 PTSD in Substance Abuse and Chronic Pain Patients
§1250.37 Acute Stress Disorder
§1250.38 Symptoms of PTSD and ASD in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
§1250.39 Predicting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
§1250.40 “Sense of Coherence” and Traffic Accident PTSD
§1250.41 Previous Trauma Exposure and PTSD
§1250.42 Predicting PTSD
§1250.43 Undiagnosed PTSD
§1250.44 Short Screening Questionnaire for PTSD
§1250.45 Acute Stress Disorder Predicts PTSD
§1250.46 PTSD and Cognitive Factors
§1250.47 Quick Diagnostic Testing of PTSD
§1250.48 Acute Stress Response Patterns
§1250.49 Psychological Trauma in Children After Traffic Accidents
§1250.50 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Fibromyalgia
§1250.51 PTSD and Accident Related Pain
§1250.52 Delayed Onset PTSD After Auto Accidents
§1255 Rheumatoid Arthritis
§1255.15 Complementary Therapies for Arthritis Pain
§1255.16 Rheumatoid Arthritis and Exercise
§1255.17 Emotional Disclosure in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
§1255.18 Rheumatoid Arthritis and Stress Management
§1260 Shoulder Pain
§1260.14 Shoulder Injuries After Whiplash
§1260.15 Shoulder-Neck Pain and Total Body Pain
§1260.16 Pulsed Ultrasound vs. Placebo for Shoulder Pain
§1265 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
§1265.15 Conservative Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
§1265.16 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome After Motor Vehicle Accidents
§1270 TMJ
§1270.27 Jaw Pain Common After Auto Injuries
§1270.28 TMJ Pain After Whiplash: Muscular Dysfunction and the Central Nervous System
§1270.29 Visual Symptoms, TMJ Pain and the Cervical Spine
§1270.30 The Effectiveness of Exercise Therapy for TMJ Pain
§1270.31 Does TMJ Pain Improve Without Treatment
§1270.32 Capsaicin Treatment for TMJ
§1270.33 TMJ and Whiplash: The Craniocervical Connection
§1270.34 TMJ and Disk Deformation Imaging
§1270.35 TMD and Biofeedback
§1270.36 The Role of Muscles in TMJ and Facial Pain
§1270.37 TMD and Neck Pain
§1270.38 TMJ, Whiplash
and
§1270.39 Serotonin and TMD
§1270.40 TMD and Psychological Characteristics
§1270.41 Motor Vehicle Accidents and TMD
§1270.42 Biomechanics of TMJ Injury from Whiplash
§1270.43 TMD and Whiplash: Psychological and Somatic Complaints
§1270.44 MRI: Whiplash and TMJ
§1270.45 Whiplash Injuries and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
§1270.46 TMJ Pain, Trauma and the Effectiveness of Different Treatments
§1270.47 TMJ Injury and Motor Vehicle Accidents
§1270.48 Posttraumatic Temporomandibular Disorder After Whiplash
§1270.49 Whiplash and TMJ: MRI Documentation
§1270.50 Manipulation for TMJ Pain
§1270.51 TMJ Pain and Cervical Spine Disorder
§1270.52 TMJ Surgery After Whiplash
§1275 Traumatic Brain Injury/Post-Concussion Syndrome
§1275.33 ADHD in Children After Brain Injury
§1275.34 Identifying Brain Injury: How Effective Are Trauma Centers?
§1275.35 Major Depression Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
§1275.36 Aggressive Behavior after Head Injury
§1275.37 Olfactory Function after Mild Brain Injury
§1275.38 Recall of a Traumatic Event Following Traumatic Brain Injury
§1275.39 Physical Symptoms Resulting from MTBI
§1275.40 Mild Head Injury and Serum S-100
§1275.41 Two Treatments for MTBI
§1275.42 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Reversible Neuropsychological Deficits
§1275.43 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Outcome Factors
§1275.44 Brain Dysfunction and Whiplash
§1275.45 When is CT Appropriate After Head Injury?
§1275.46 Alcohol Abuse and Neuropsychological Tests
§1275.47 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Return to Work
§1275.48 Post-Concussion Syndrome After Mild Brain Injury
§1275.49 New Questionnaires in the Evaluation of MTBI
§1275.50 Emotional And Cognitive Sequelae of MTBI
§1275.51 MTBI and Working Memory
§1275.52 Predicting Vocational Outcome in MTBI
§1275.53 Objective Signs of Trauma in Very Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
§1275.54 Whiplash and Cognitive Complaints
§1275.55 Warfarin and Minor Head Injury
§1275.56 Brain Lesions in Whiplash Patients
§1275.57 Post-Concussion Syndrome, Stress, and Coping
§1275.58 Serum S-100 Levels After Head Injury
§1275.59 EEG, Whiplash and Mild Head Injury
§1275.60 SPECT Versus MRI/CT For Post-Concussion Syndrome
§1275.61 Serum Protein S-100 and Post-Concussion Syndrome
§1275.62 Does Concussion Require Loss of Consciousness?
§1275.63 Faking Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
§1275.64 Sleep Complaints and Chronic Post-Concussion Syndrome
§1275.65 Depression and Post-Concussion Syndrome
§1275.66 Postconcussion Syndrome in Children
§1275.67 Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Pain Syndrome
§1275.68 Brain Imaging and Whiplash
§1275.69 Symptoms of TBI After Whiplash
§1275.70 Incidence of Unreported Head Injury
§1275.71 Chronic Whiplash: Brain Injury or Malingering?
§1275.72 Editorial Comment on Post-Concussion Syndrome
§1275.73 On Head Injury and MRI
§1275.74 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Emotional History
§1275.75 Hearing Loss and Dizziness After Head Injury
§1280 Worker’s Compensation
§1280.20 Patient Perspectives: General Health, Work Status and Satisfaction One Year after Injury
§1280.21 Pre-Work Screenings and Low Back Injuries
§1280.22 Waddell’s Nonorganic Signs in Occupational Low Back Pain Patients
§1280.23 Feelings About Work and The Outcome of Lumbar Discectomy
§1280.24 Prognostic Factors for LBP Patients Returning to Work
§1280.25 Economic and Social Reward in Low Back Pain Patients
§1280.26 Predicting Vocational Outcome in MTBI
§1280.27 Job Satisfaction and the Transition from Acute to Chronic Back Pain
§1280.28 Predictors of LBP and Return to Work
§1280.29 Return to Work after Musculoskeletal Injury
§1280.30 Back Pain in the Workplace
§1280.31 Effect of Exercise on Sick Leave Due to Low Back Pain
§1280.32 Vocational Outcome of Back Pain intervention
§1280.33 Ineffectiveness of Low Back Injury Educational Programs
§1280.34 Do Some Patients Intend to Return to Work?
§1280.35 Long-Term Disability and Work Conditions
§1280.36 Factors Related to Getting Patients Back to Work
§1280.37 Returning Patients to Work
§1300 (RESERVED)
§1400 (RESERVED)
PART IV PRACTICE TOOLS
MINOR IMPACT — SOFT TISSUE (“MIST”) INJURY CASES
§1500 INTRODUCTION
§1501 Undisputed Liability
§1501.1 Causation Still in Dispute
§1501.2 Have Defendant Stipulate to Each Act of Negligence
§1501.3 Form – Stipulation re Negligence
§1502
§1502.1 Accident Reconstructionist
§1502.2 Biomechanical Expert
§1502.3 Orthopedic Doctor
§1503 Limited Settlement Prospects
§1510 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
§1511 Basic Points
§1511.1 Form: Complaint – MIST With TBI
§1512 Checklist: Issues to Address Before Trial
§1513 Investigate TBI/SCI
§1513.1 Look for Markers in Client’s History
§1513.2 Client Interview Outline
§1514 Gather Records
§1520 DISCOVERY
§1521 Assemble Witnesses and Consultants/Experts
§1530 EXPERTS
§1531 Biomechanical Expert
§1531.1 Basic Principles
§1531.2 Subpoena Records
§1531.3 Deposition Outline
§1540 MOTIONS IN LIMINE
§1541 Motions re Accident Reconstruction
§1541.1 To Exclude “Junk Science” and Accident Reconstruction Evidence as a Matter of Law
§1541.2 To Exclude “Accident Reconstructionist’s” Estimate of Speed of Vehicles at Time of Impact Based on Skid Marks
§1541.3 To Exclude “Accident Reconstructionist’s” Estimate of Speed of Vehicles at Time of Impact Based on Position of Vehicles
§1542 Motions re Biomechanical Expert
§1542.1 To Exclude Junk Science and Related Evidence of Biomechanical Opinions
§1542.2 To Exclude Junk Science and Related Evidence That Accident Was No More Serious than Everyday Activities
§1542.3 To Exclude Junk Science Evidence That “Injury Assessment Reference Values” (Iarv’s) Preclude Injury
§1542.4 To Exclude Junk Science and Related Biomechanical Evidence That Cervical Strain or Sprain Is Ais-1 Level Injury
§1543 Motions re Experts
§1543.1 To Exclude Reference to Defendant’s Expert as “Independent”
§1543.2 To Prevent Defendant’s M.D. from Testifying Concerning Reasonableness of Billings and Charges by “Non-doctors”
§1543.3 To Prevent Defendant’s Orthopaedic Expert from Testifying to Biomechanical Issues
§1543.4 To Exclude Expert Testimony And/or Witness
§1544 Motions to Prevent Personal Attacks
§1544.1 To Exclude Reference to Attorney Referral to Doctor
§1544.2 To Prevent References to “Fraud” or Other Improper Comments (Directly or Indirectly)
§1544.3 To Prohibit Defendant from Presenting Evidence on Motivation or Secondary Gain
§1545 Motions re Damages
§1545.1 To Exclude Evidence of Third Party Liability
§1545.2 To Exclude Evidence re Injuries from Previous Accident
§1550 RESERVED
§1560 RESERVED
§1570 RESERVED
§1580 RESERVED
§1590 RESERVED
§1600 JURY SELECTION
§1601 Statement of Case / 5-Minute Opening
§1601.1 Statement of Case
§1601.2 Mini-Opening
§1602 Voir Dire
§1602.1 Jury “De-Selection”
§1602.2 Indoctrinating the Jury
§1602.3 Kitchen Table Discussion
§1602.4 Preparing for Voir Dire
§1602.5 Issues Checklist
§1610 OPENING STATEMENT
§1611 Purpose & Goals
§1612 Drafting & Presentation
§1613 Sample Opening Statement
§1620 TRIAL EXHIBITS
§1621 Keep Detailed Record During Trial
§1622 Sample Exhibit List
§1630 PRESENTATION OF CASE AT TRIAL
§1631 Accident Report
§1631.1 Identify and Have Available in Courtroom
§1631.2 Witness Examination—Police Officer
§1632 Maps & Photographs of Scene
§1632.1 Purpose at Trial
§1632.2 Witness Examination—Investigating Officer
§1632.3 Photographs of Vehicles
§1632.4 Witness Examination—Photographer
§1633 Repair Estimates
§1633.1 Admissibility
§1633.2 Witness Examination—Repair Shop Owner
§1634 Demonstrative Materials
§1635 Plaintiff’s Payroll Records
§1636 Plaintiff as Witness
§1637 Before-and-After Witnesses
§1637.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1637.2 Witness Examination
§1638 Treating Physician
§1639 Experts
§1639.1 Speech and Language Pathologist
§1639.1.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1639.1.2 Witness Examination
§1639.2 Neuropsychologist
§1639.2.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1639.2.2 Witness Examination
§1639.3 Vocational Rehabilitation Expert
§1639.3.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1639.3.2 Witness Examination
§1639.4 Life Care Planner
§1639.4.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1639.4.2 Witness Examination
§1639.5 Economist
§1639.5.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1639.5.2 Witness Examination
§1639.6 Biomechanical Expert
§1639.6.1 Purpose of Testimony
§1639.6.2 Witness Examination
§1640 ISSUE- AND SYMPTOM-BASED TRIAL EXAMINATIONS
§1640.1 Anatomy Matters
§1640.2 Cervical Curvature and Susceptibility to Injury
§1640.3 Impact of Gender on Susceptibility to Whiplash Injury
§1640.4 Whiplash Injuries to Children
§1640.5 Turned Head Increases Risk of Neck Injury During Crash
§1640.6 Head Position and Ligament Injury After Whiplash
§1640.7 Hidden Spinal Injuries After Whiplash
§1640.8 The Cervical Facet Capsule and Its Role in Whiplash Injury
§1640.9 Muscle Injury and Low Speed Whiplash
§1640.10 Radicular Pain After Whiplash
§1640.11 Arm Pain After Whiplash
§1640.12 Cervical Disc Injury
§1640.13 Visual Disturbance After Whiplash
§1640.14 Inner Ear Injuries After Whiplash
§1640.15 Hearing Disorders After Whiplash
§1640.16 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
§1640.17 Vertebral Artery Injury After Cervical Spine Trauma
§1640.18 Whiplash and Post-Traumatic Fibromylagia
§1640.19 Whiplash and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
§1640.20 Whiplash and the Occipital Nerve
§1640.21 Retropharyngeal Tendinitis
§1650 CROSS-EXAMINATION OF DEFENSE EXPERTS
§1651 Can Accident Reconstructionists Accurately Determine Occupant Acceleration?
§1652 Does No Vehicle Damage Mean No Injury?
§1653 What is Effect of Car Seat Back on Injury Potential in Rear-End Collision?
§1660 JURY INSTRUCTIONS AND VERDICT FORMS
§1661 Instructions Checklist
§1662 Sample Instructions
§1662.1 Duties of the Judge and Jury
§1662.2 Insurance
§1662.3 Evidence
§1662.4 Witnesses
§1662.5 Obligation to Prove—More Likely True Than Not True
§1662.6 More Likely True—Clear and Convincing Proof
§1662.7 Direct and Indirect Evidence
§1662.8 Party Having Power to Produce Better Evidence
§1662.9 Willful Suppression of Evidence
§1662.10 Failure to Explain or Deny Evidence
§1662.11 Evidence Admitted for Limited Purpose
§1662.12 Evidence Applicable to One Party
§1662.13 Deposition as Substantive Evidence
§1662.14 Statements of a Party Opponent
§1662.15 Statements Made to Physician (Previously Existing Condition)
§1662.16 Experts—Questions Containing Assumed Facts
§1662.17 Basic Standard of Care
§1662.18 Stipulation re Negligence
§1662.19 Causation: Substantial Factor
§1662.20 Introduction to Tort Damages—Liability Established
§1662.21 Economic and Noneconomic Damages
§1662.22 Items of Economic Damage
§1662.23 Brain Injury Defined
§1662.24 Items of Noneconomic Damage
§1662.25 Unusually Susceptible Plaintiff
§1662.26 Damages—Life Expectancy
§1662.27 Introduction to Special Verdict Form
§1663 Reserved
§1664 Reserved
§1665 Verdict Forms
§1665.1 Limit Defendant’s Ability to Argue Negligence
§1665.2 Form: Special Verdict
§1670 CLOSING ARGUMENT
§1671 Sample Closing Argument
§1680 REBUTTAL CLOSE
§1681 Basic Points
§1682 Sample Rebuttal Close
PART V. MEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS
Use Note: Figures are numbered according to the section of the book in which they appear.
PART
Fig. 110.1a: Facet joints
Fig. 110.2a: Cervical spine subjected to compressive force
Fig. 110.2b: Facet joint subjected to shear force
Fig. 110.2c: Sequential motion of cervical spine during low impact collision
Fig. 205.1a: Small muscles of upper spine
Fig. 205.1b: Muscles of anterior neck
Fig. 205.2: Anterior longitudinal ligament
Fig. 205.2.1: Anterior longitudinal ligament
Fig. 205.2.2: Transverse ligament
Fig. 205.4c: Nerves innervating cervical facet joint
Fig. 205.6.2: Spinal accessory nerve
Fig. 205.8a: Vertebral artery
Fig. 205.8b: Vertebral artery—alternate view
Fig. 210.2a: Occipital nerve
Fig. 210.2b: Cervical spinal cord, atlas, axis, C2 ganglion
Fig. 210.2c: Atlas, axis, C2 ganglion
Fig. 215.4: Pectoralis minor
Fig. 220: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Fig. 225.2: Thoracic outlet
Fig. 230.1a: Trigger points in quadratus lumborum
Fig. 230.1d: Diaphragm attaches at 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
Fig. 230.2: Sciatic nerve and piriformis muscle
Fig. 240: Carpal tunnel syndrome; basic anatomy of hand
Fig. 240.3d: Cross-section of carpal tunnel
Fig. 245.2.1: Postural control system
Fig. 405.5.5: SPECT scan of brain
Fig. 610.1a: Ligament injury after side-impact collision
Fig. 610.1b: Facet joint
Fig. 610.2a: Ligaments of the neck
Fig. 615.1a: Supraspinous ligament
PART II. LOW VELOCITY CASES
Fig. 810.1: Vertebrae of the cervical spine
PART III. MEDICAL STUDIES
Fig. 1105.23: Lower cervical spine and sheer forces
Fig. 1105.24a: Extension x-ray image
Fig. 1105.24b: Facet capsular ligaments
Fig. 1105.32: Kinematics of neck during rear-end impact
Fig. 1105.46a:
Fig. 1105.46b: S-shaped curvature at 50-75 milliseconds
Fig. 1115.14: Nerves of the facet joints
Fig. 1120.16: Deep muscles of the neck
Fig. 1120.18: Skull and tectorial membrane
Fig. 1130.10: Biochemical changes to the spinal cord
Fig. 1140.21: Lateral forces on neurons
Fig. 1140.24a: Intervertebral foramen
Fig. 1140.25: Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Fig. 1140.27: Muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the neck
Fig. 1140.28a: Intervertebral discs
Fig. 1140.29: Sympathetic nerves of the cervical spine
Fig. 1140.30a: Referred pain from the shoulder
Fig. 1140.31: Key components of the posture control system
Fig. 1145.13a: Muscular Tension and TMJ
Fig. 1145.14: Dysfunction in the jaw muscles and TMJ are related to dysfunction in the cervical spine
Fig. 1205.27: Lateral disk herniation
Fig. 1210.14b: Carpal tunnel syndrome anatomy
Fig. 1215.26: Cervical radiculopathy
Fig. 1215.29: Typical cervical spine illustrating normal cervical lordosis
Fig. 1220.29: Mechanism of central nervous system’s role in whiplash
Fig. 1230.26: Excessive stretch of the anterior neck muscles
Fig. 1235.13a: Amount of backset, or the distance between the head and the head restraint
Fig. 1240.16: Tinnitus symptoms
Fig. 1240.18: Rapid, traumatic motion can cause injury resulting in elevated levels of GFAp or NFL
Fig. 1265.16: Vessels and nerves at thoracic outlet
Fig. 1270.29: Posture control system
Fig. 1275.36: The frontal lobe
Fig. 1275.37: The olfactory bulb in the frontal area of the brain
PART IV. PRACTICE TOOLS
Fig. 1622a: Hyperflexion/hyperextension injury
Fig. 1622b: Dorsal view of cervical spine bony anatomy
Fig. 1622c: Dorsal view of cervical spine bony anatomy showing ligaments and exit of spinal nerves
Fig. 1622d: Longitudinal cross-section of cervical spine with bony anatomy and IV disks
Fig. 1622e: Longitudinal cross-section of cervical spine with bony anatomy and IV disks showing spinal cord
Fig. 1622f: Longitudinal cross-section of cervical spine with bony anatomy and IV disks showing ligaments
Fig. 1622g: Longitudinal cross-section of cervical spine with bony anatomy and IV disks showing spinal cord, showing ligaments
Fig. 1622h: Dorsal view of complete spine
Fig. 1622i: Dorsal view of complete spine showing ligaments and exit of spinal nerves
Fig. 1622j: Longitudinal cross-section of complete spine with bony anatomy and IV disks
Fig. 1622k: Longitudinal cross-section of complete spine with bony anatomy and IV disks showing spinal cord and nerve roots
Fig. 1622l: Longitudinal cross-section of complete spine with bony anatomy and IV disks showing ligaments
Fig. 1622m: Longitudinal cross-section of complete spine with bony anatomy and IV disks showing spinal cord and nerve roots, showing ligaments
Fig. 1639.2.2: Lobes of brain.
Fig. 1639.2.2a: Brain impacting back of skull
Fig. 1639.2.2b: Head and brain in equilibrium
Fig. 1639.2.2c: Brain impacting front of skull
Fig. 1640.13: Sympathetic nerves of the cervical spine
Fig. 1640.16: Thoracic outlet syndrome—position of
a cervical rib
PART V. ADDITIONAL FIGURES (LOCATED AT END OF PART V. MEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS)
A: C1 and head articulation
B: Spinal canal mid-sagittal section
C: C5/C6 3/4 view
D: Mid-sagittal section and 3/4 view of disk
E: Cervical spine flexion/extension
F: Cervical spine odontoid view
INDEX
D9
Updated 04/06/12
