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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ACTION UNDER COLOR OF STATE LAW
2.1 Nature of Action – Private Actors
2.1(1) Joint Participation
2.1(1)(a) Conspiracy/Concerted Action
2.1(1)(b) Private Invocation of State Power
2.1(2) Government Nexus
2.1(2)(a) Contract with State
2.1(2)(b) State Funding or Regulation
2.1(2)(c) Abuse of Power by State Actor or Apparent State
Actor
2.1(3) Public Function
2.1(4) Symbiotic Relationship
2.1(4)(a) State Policy Compelling/Influencing Private
Actor
2.2 Legal Context
2.2(1) First Amendment
2.2(2) Retaliation
2.2(3) Fourth Amendment
2.2(4) Property
2.2(5) Equal Protection
2.2(6) Substantive Due Process
2.3 Factual Context
2.3(1) Police - Sheriffs
2.3(2) Court Personnel and Proceedings
2.3(3) Attorneys
2.3(4) Social Workers - Non-Law Enforcement Government
Employees
2.3(5) Schools
2.3(6) Prisons/Detention
2.3(7) Supervisory Liability
2.3(8) Federal Officials
3. FIRST AMENDMENT
3.1 Speech
3.1(1) Protected Expression
3.1(2) Content Regulation
3.1(3) Compelling Government Interest
3.1(4) Public Forum/Non-Public Forum
3.1(5) Public Employees/Pickering Balancing Test
3.1(5)(a) Matters of Public Concern
3.1(5)(b) Government’s Burden to Show Impaired
Efficiency/Operations
3.1(5)(c) Independent Contractors/Private Citizens
3.1(6) Procedural (Motions to Dismiss/Summary Judgment)
3.2 Association
3.2(1) Generally
3.2(2) Political Affiliation
3.2(3) Unions
3.2(4) Familial Association (See Also Section 7.6)
3.2(5) Social Relationships
3.3 Petition for Redress of Grievances
3.3(1) Access to the Courts
3.3(2) Prisons
3.4 Retaliation
3.4(1) Generally
3.4(2) Discovery
3.4(3) Summary Judgment
3.4(4) Remedies
3.5 Selective Prosecution
3.6 Schools/Universities
3.6(1) Teachers’ Speech Out of Class
3.6(2) Curriculum/Teachers’ Speech in Class
3.6(3) Student Speech
3.7 Religion
3.8 Evidence Needed (See Also Sections 8.5 - 8.5(6))
3.9 Adverse Actions
4. FOURTH AMENDMENT
4.1 Searches
4.1(1) Searches - Generally
4.1(2) Searches Without Warrant
4.1(3) Searches Exceeding Scope of Warrant
4.1(4) Private Parties
4.1(5) Searches of the Person
4.1(6) Consent
4.1(7) Omission/Misrepresentation of Material Information to
Obtain Warrant
4.1(8) Administrative/Workplace Searches
4.1(9) Automobile Searches
4.1(10) School Setting
4.1(11) Procedure
4.1(11)(a) Standing
4.1(11)(b) Summary Judgment
4.2 Seizure of Person
4.2(1) Seizures - Generally
4.2(2) Investigatory (Terry) Stops
4.2(3) Arrest
4.2(3)(a) Without Warrant
4.2(3)(b) Omission/Misrepresentation of Material Information
to Obtain Warrant
4.2(3)(c) Otherwise Invalid Warrant
4.2(3)(d) Duty to Investigate
4.2(4) Continued Detention
4.2(5) Seizure Effected by Automobile (See Also Section 4.3)
4.2(6) Seizure of a Mentally Ill Person (See Also Section 7)
4.2(7) Seizure of a Child/Social Workers
4.2(8) School Setting (See Also Section 7)
4.2(9) Chain of Causation
4.2(10) Summary Judgment
4.3 Excessive Force (See Also Section 9)
4.3(1) Generally
4.3(2) Objective Reasonableness Standard
4.3(3) Injury
4.3(4) Deadly Force
4.3(5) Violation of Internal Police Guidelines/Procedures
4.3(6) Relevance of Police Conduct Prior to Use of Force
4.3(7) Duty to Intervene
4.3(8) School Setting
4.3(9) Summary Judgment
4.4 Seizure of Property
4.5 Social Workers/Child Abuse or Neglect Proceedings
4.6 Malicious Prosecution
5. SELF-INCRIMINATION
5.1 Law Enforcement
5.2 Public Employment
6. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
6.1 Property Interests
6.1(1) Public Employees
6.1(2) Employee Property Interest Less Than Discharge
6.1(3) Pre-Termination Hearing
6.1(4) Nature of Administrative Hearings
6.1(5) Non-Employment Contracts and Other Economic Interests
6.1(6) Writs of Execution
6.1(7) Judicial Proceedings
6.1(8) Land Use Proceedings
6.1(9) Access to the Courts
6.2 Liberty Interest - Employment
6.2(1) Non-Employment
6.3 Damages
6.4 State Post-Deprivation Remedies – Parratt Issue
7. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
7.1 State of Mind
7.2 Liability for Acts of Third Parties – Custodial Injuries
7.2(1) Danger Creation
7.3 Law Enforcement Practices
7.4 Land Use
7.5 Employment
7.6 Familial Association
7.6(1) Removal of a Child
7.7 Privacy
7.8 School Setting
7.9 Miscellaneous
7.9(1) Sexual Assault
7.9(2) Treatment of Mental Patients
8. EQUAL PROTECTION
8.1 Generally
8.2 Suspect Classes
8.2(1) Race
8.2(2) Gender
8.2(3) National Origin/Ancestry
8.2(4) Religion
8.2(5) Non-Suspect Classes
8.2(5)(a) Heightened Scrutiny
8.2(5)(b) Rational Basis
8.3 Discriminatory Action
8.3(1) Failure to Hire
8.3(2) Failure to Promote/Tenure
8.3(3) Discharge
8.3(4) Retaliation
8.3(5) Sexual Harassment
8.3(6) Racial/Retaliatory Harassment
8.3(7) Failure to Protect
8.3(8) Selective Prosecution
8.3(9) Failure to Provide Government Services
8.3(10)
Police Misconduct
8.4 Burden on Fundamental Rights
8.4(1) No Fundamental Right
8.5 Discriminatory Intent
8.5(1) Animus
8.5(2) Pretext
8.5(3) Policy or Custom/Pattern and Practice
8.5(4) Disparate Treatment
8.5(5) Failure to Follow Procedures
8.5(6) Expert Testimony
8.5(7) Qualified Immunity (See Also Section 12.2(7))
8.6 Causation
8.7 Supervisory or Entity Liability
8.8 Procedural
8.8(1) Summary Judgment
8.8(2) Statute of Limitations
8.8(3) Credibility Determinations
8.9 Remedies
8.9(1) Section 1983/Title VII/Title IX/ADA
8.9(2) Damages
9. EIGHTH AMENDMENT
10. ATTORNEYS
10.1 Attorney Liability
10.2 Dual Representation
11. MUNICIPAL AND SUPERVISORY LIABILITY
11.1 Pleading a Claim
11.1(1) Private Corporations
11.2 Decision by the Policy Maker
11.2(1) Constructive Acquiescence by the Policy Maker
11.2(2) Sheriff as Policy Maker
11.2(3) Prosecutor as Policy Maker
11.2(4) Ratification by Policy Maker
11.3 Improper Hiring
11.3(1) Prior Employer Liability
11.4 Improper Supervision
11.4(1) Improper Training
11.4(2) Improper Discipline
11.4(2)(a) Code of Silence
11.4(2)(b) Post-Incident Cover-Up
11.5 Evidence
11.5(1) Single Incident
11.5(2) Unwritten Custom or Policy
11.5(3) Deliberate Indifference
11.5(4) Expert Testimony
11.6 Entity Liability Where Supervisor Not Liable
11.7 Factual Contexts Other Than Police
11.7(1) Prisons and Jails
11.7(2) Schools
11.7(3) Sheriffs
11.8 Claims Against Supervisory Official
12. DEFENSES
12.1 Absolute Immunity
12.1(1) Judicial Immunity
12.1(2) Legislative Immunity
12.1(3) Prosecutorial Immunity
12.1(4) Witness Immunity
12.2 Qualified Immunity
12.2(1) Generally
12.2(1)(a) Rationale
12.2(1)(b) Inapplicability to Equitable Claims
12.2(2) First Amendment
12.2(2)(a) Speech
12.2(2)(b) Association
12.2(2)(c) Access to Courts/Right to Petition Government for
Redress
12.2(2)(d) Retaliation
12.2(3) Fourth Amendment
12.2(3)(a) Arrest Without Probable Cause
12.2(3)(b) Excessive Force
12.2(3)(c) Search/Seizure
12.2(3)(d) Continued Detention
12.2(3)(e) Civil Detention/Commitment
12.2(3)(f) Malicious Prosecution
12.2(4) Eighth Amendment
12.2(5) Procedural Due Process
12.2(5)(a) Generally
12.2(5)(b) Protected Liberty Interest
12.2(5)(c) Protected Property Interest
12.2(6) Substantive Due Process
12.2(6)(a) Generally
12.2(6)(b) Familial Association
12.2(6)(c) Privacy
12.2(6)(d) Danger Creation
12.2(7) Equal Protection
12.2(8) Supervisory Liability
12.2(9) Private Parties
12.2(10) Social Workers/Removing Children from the Home
12.2(11) Schools
12.2(11)(a) First Amendment
12.2(11)(b) Fourth Amendment
12.2(11)(c) Procedural Due Process
12.2(11)(d) Substantive Due Process
12.2(12) Prisons
12.2(12)(a) Fourth Amendment
12.2(12)(b) Eighth Amendment
12.2(12)(c) Procedural Due Process
12.2(12)(d) Substantive Due Process
12.2(13) Exceptional Circumstances
12.2(13)(a) Advice of Counsel
12.2(14) Procedural
12.2(14)(a) Discovery
12.2(14)(b) Summary Judgment
12.2(14)(c) Interlocutory Appeal
12.2(14)(d) Waiver
12.2(15) Self-Incrimination
12.3 Governmental Entity
12.4 Eleventh Amendment
12.5 Issue Preclusion
13. DISCOVERY (See Also Sections 8 and 12.2(14)(a))
13.1 General
13.2 Document Production
13.3 Privileges
13.4 Summary Judgment/Qualified Immunity
13.5 Employment
13.6 Police Misconduct
13.7 Prisons, Jails and Schools
13.8 Pattern and Practice Evidence/Disparate Treatment
14. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
14.1 General
14.2 Law Enforcement
14.2(1) Arrests/Searches (See Also Section 4.2(10))
14.2(2) Excessive Force (See Also Section 4.3(9))
14.2(3) Duty to Intervene
14.2(4) Malicious Prosecution
14.2(5) Danger Creation
14.3 Employment (See Also Sections 3.4(4), 3.6(1), and 8.8(1))
14.3(1) Speech
14.3(2) Association
14.3(3) Equal Protection
14.4 Motive and Intent
14.4(1) Deliberate Indifference/Conduct Shocking to the
Conscience
14.5 Supervisory Claims
14.6 Expert Testimony
14.7 Public Institutions
14.7(1) Prisons/Jails
14.7(2) Mental Institutions
14.7(3) Schools
14.8 Defenses
14.8(1) Absolute Immunity
14.8(2) Qualified Immunity/Rule 56(f) (See Also Section
12.2(14)(b))
14.8(3) Issue Preclusion
14.8(4) Lack of State Action
15. REMEDIES
15.1 Compensatory Damages
15.1(1) Scope of Review
15.1(2) Presumed Damages
15.1(3) Economic Harm (Other Than Lost Wages)
15.1(4) Emotional/Mental Distress, Humiliation, Injury to
Reputation
15.1(5) Death
15.1(6) Lost Wages (Equitable Remedy)
15.1(6)(a) Back Pay
15.1(6)(b) Front Pay
15.1(7) Attorney Fees
15.1(8) Separate Awards for Distinct Violations
15.1(9) Pre-Judgment Interest
15.1(10) Apportionment v. Joint and Several Liability
15.1(11) Collateral Sources
15.2 Punitive Damages
15.2(1) Scope of Review
15.2(2) Financial Status of Defendant
15.2(3) Indemnification
15.2(4) Jury Instructions
15.3 Injunctive Relief
15.3(1) Scope of Review
15.3(2) Reinstatement
15.3(3) Promotion
15.3(4) Other Equitable Relief
15.4 Reduction of Award Based on Plaintiff’s Conduct
15.4(1) Duty to Mitigate
15.4(2) Comparative Fault
16. CONSPIRACY
16.1
General
16.2 Elements of
§1983 Conspiracy
16.3 Evidence Needed to Prove
16.3(1)
First Amendment Rights
16.3(2) Fourth Amendment
16.3(3) Property and Liberty Interests
16.3(4) Equal Protection
16.3(5) Other
APPENDIX - 42 USC §1983
2005 SUPPLEMENT (green pages)
TABLE OF CASES
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